QUOTE(ChicagoBear @ Mar 13 2008, 11:29 PM)
I've read it a few times now and I'm stuck on the TOMO and the POMO. These are new terms I'm not familiar with.
Question: does the Fed sell or loan treasuries to PD's? If it's a loan, then the transaction is basically a wash. If they sell, then the Fed drains cash out of the system and the PD's get treasuries. In this case, the PD's would have to have the cash available to buy. I think his point is that they don't have the cash to buy and so are having to borrow from the TOMO (whatever that is). In borrowing, they would obviously have to offer collateral (the effect of which is moving debt off their balance sheets and onto the TOMO's). Cash comes out of the system and PD balance sheets strengthen (reduce debt and increase treasury holdings).
I hope somebody can sort this out because what jumps out is the conclusion that the PD's are bankrupt.

I agree that many of the PDs are likely bankrupt.
When the Fed engages in Open Market Operations (OMO) it uses temporary operations (TOMO) and rarely, permanent operations (POMO)
In temporary operations the Fed loans money to the dealers for short terms usually overnight, but up to 28 days, in the form of repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements put cash into the PD accounts and expand the bulk of the Fed's balance sheet, the System Open Market Account (SOMA). They rarely use reverse repurchase agreements to drain reserves, but we have seen them from time to time.
In permanent operations, the Fed buys or sells securities directly from the SOMA to the Primary dealers. When the Fed buys securities it used to be called a Coupon Pass, or Bill Pass, but the Fed no longer uses that terminology, now preferring the term permanent purchase. These have been few and far between this year. Permanent purchases put cash directly into dealer accounts, and increase the size of the Fed's assets on the balance sheet.
Lately the Fed has been redeeming many of the T-bills they hold when they come to term. This does not directly impact PD accounts, but it does impact the Fed's balance sheet, the monetary base, by reducing the assets it holds. The Treasury must pay off the bills. This momentarily takes cash out of the system, but the Treasury needs to replace that cash with another borrowing, this time from the market, rather than from the Fed. It forces the market to put up more cash for Treasury paper. The Fed has been responsible for some of the increase in Treasury borrowing due to these redemptions. When the PDs buy the Treasuries, they can then pledge them as collateral in return for cash in Fed repo operations. This is why on days when the Treasury has large new borrowings settling, usually Thursday, we usually see big increases in Fed repo operations on Wednesday and Thursday. The Fed has to enable the PDs to pay for the Treasury securities they have ordered.
The Fed can also sell Treasuries directly from the SOMA. In the 6 years I have been watching the Fed daily, this last week is the first time I can remember the Fed doing this. They did it in an amount, when combined with bill redemptions, which was equal to the amount of 28 day repos issued this week. The Fed issued temporary money in return for T-bills which were expiring in the short run, in most cases a couple of months. This exchange makes little sense to me because it looks like a wash. They've taken cash in from the PDs in return for Treasuries, which the PD's now use as collateral to replace the cash the Fed took in.
Short term Treasury paper now has a negative carry. Repo rates are higher than the yields on shortest term Treasuries. It costs the dealers money to carry them. On the other hand, MBS and Agency paper still has a positive carry, as do longer term Treasuries. So what advantage is there to putting more short term Treasuries into dealer accounts? The dealers can sell that paper. They need not borrow from the Fed to carry it. So they get the cash back on their balance sheets, plus they have the cash from the 28 day repos for which they have put up other kinds of collateral with which they are overloaded.
Does this amount to a big deal? I have to think about it some more, but it would seem to give them breathing room. It certainly doesn't add reserves to the system as a whole when considering the offsetting effects of the Treasury sale and the equal amount of repos, but it would seem to have the effect of giving the PDs a little more cash on their balance sheets while keeping the impact on the system net neutral.